설명 그림은 편의상 Transistor로 했다.
원리적으로는 Transistor를 진공관으로 바꾸어 그리면 똑같은 회로다.
그러면
Class A Amplifier 부터
Class A Amp는 진공관, Transistor의 음질의 변동이 없는 범위 내에서 회로를 구성하여 사용한다.
진공관, Transistor의 특성 곡선이 직선인 범위에서만 amp를 동작시킨다는 말이다.
그림을 보면 이해할 수있다.
Grid, Base에 걸리는 전압을 Bias 전압 (Bias level)이라고 한다.
간단히 말해 진공관 Transistor를 동작시키는 전압이다.
이것이 Grid 전압 – Plate 전류 곡선의 직선 부분 중간에 오도록 회로를 구성하는 것이다.
방법은 회로도의 저항 R1, R2, Re의 크기를 조정하면 된다.
가장 초기의 원시적인 간단한 Amp이다.
Graph를 보면 음악을 듣지 않아도 진공관(Transistor)에 전류가 흐른다.
전력의 소모가 크다는 뜻이다.
진공관(Transistor)의 음질 저하가 가장 적은 동작 범위
(동작의 직선성이 유지되는 범위)에서 Amp를 사용하기 때문에
이론적으로 음질의 변동, 왜곡이 가장 적다.
그래서 Classic 음악 애호가들이 선호하는 Amp이다.
애호가들의 귀는 참 예민하다.
Grid , Base에 걸리는 전압을 Bias 전압 (Bias level)을
Grid 전압 – Plate 전류 곡선의 시작점(Plate 전류=0)에 맞춘다.
신호가 없으면 Plate 전류=0 이다.
신호의 반쪽 (-) 부분은 동작전압 아래이므로 증폭되지 않는다.(큰 단점)
사용하지 않을 때는 전력 소모가 이론적으로 없다.
음(minus wave)의 반쪽은 들리지 않는다.
그나마 그 반쪽의 소리도 작은 소리는 심하게 찌그러진다.
(graph를 보고 생각하세요)
음질이 가장 나쁘다.
주로, 예전에 손에 들고 말하는 Mega phone의 amp로 사용되었다.
Class B Push-Pull Amplifier
그런데
Class B Amp를 대칭으로 연결하여 회로를 구성하면
Class B Push-Pull Amp가 된다.
소리 Wave의 (+) 부분 절반과 (-) 부분 절반을 따로 따로 증폭하여 합치는 방법이다.
출력(소리)가 Class A Amp의 2배이다.
음악을 듣지 않을 때 이론적으로 전력소모가 없다.
음질의 손상이 있다 (Class B Amp 이니까)
이런 Amp는 상용으로 만들지 않는다.
실험실에서만 만들거나 이론으로만 만드는 Amp이다.
음질의 저하가 명백하기 때문이다.
만들어도 당연히 팔리지 않을테니까.
다음은 Class B Push-Pull Amp를 그래프로 증폭을 설명한 것이다.
Wave의 (+) 부분 절반과 (-) 부분 절반을 따로 따로 증폭하여 합친다.
Class AB & Class AB Push-Pull Amplifier
음질의 distortion을 막기 위해 bias 전압을 음의 찌그러짐이 없는 곳 까지 올린다.
그렇게 하면 음질의 저하가 없는 반쪽 파형이 증폭된다.
Class AB Push-Pull Amplifier
Class AB Amp를 대칭으로 붙여 회로를 구성하면
Class AB Push-Pull Amp가 된다.
회로도의 저항 R1, R2, Re의 크기를 조정하면 된다.
판매되는 대부분의 Amp는 Class AB Push-Pull Amplifier이다.
출력(소리)이 크다 Class A의 거의 2배
전력을 소모가 작다.
Class A의 전류가 아주 조금 흐르니까 정력 소모가 있기는 있다.
음질은 Class A 와 비슷하다
(논리적으로는 Class A 보다 나쁘다)
Class C Amp는 주로 pulse 발생기 등에 사용된다.
Audio Amp로는 부적당하다. (설명 생략)
Smart Phone의 amplifier는 Class D 이후의 Amplifier이다.
이것은 digital 회로로서 전력 소모가 훨씬 적다.
앞으로는
진공관, Class A amplifier만 설명 한다.
다른 amp는 부품 더 들고, 만들기 더 어렵고,
따라서 비용 더 들고 논리적으로 음질 떨어지고…
그래서 이것을 위주로… 설명
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